Contents
xi
10.4
Conclusion
150
References
150
11
Usage of Microalgae: A Sustainable Approach to Wastewater
Treatment
155
Kumudini B. Satyan, Michael V. L. Chhandama, and Dhanya V. Ranjit
11.1
Introduction
155
11.1.1
Microalgae
156
11.1.2
Composition of Wastewater
157
11.2
Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment
158
11.2.1
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
159
11.2.2
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
159
11.2.3
Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)
160
11.2.4
Heavy Metals
160
11.2.5
Xenobiotic Compounds
161
11.3
Cultivation of Microalgae in Wastewater
162
11.3.1
Factors Affecting the Growth of Microalgae
162
11.3.1.1
TN:TP Ratio
162
11.3.1.2
pH
162
11.3.1.3
Light
162
11.3.2
Algal Culture Systems
163
11.3.2.1
Open Systems
163
11.3.2.2
Closed Systems
164
11.4
Algae as a Source of Bioenergy
164
11.4.1
Biodiesel from Microalgae
165
11.4.2
Bioethanol from Microalgae
165
11.4.3
Biomethane from Microalgae
165
11.4.4
Hydrogen Production
165
11.4.5
Microbial Fuel Cells
166
11.5
Conclusion
166
References
166
Part IV
Bioleaching and Biosorption of Waste: Approaches
and Utilization
171
12
Microbes and Agri-Food Waste as Novel Sources of
Biosorbents
173
Simranjeet Singh, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, Vijay Kumar, Dhriti Kapoor,
Vaishali Dhaka, and Joginder Singh
12.1
Introduction
173
12.2
Conventional Methods for Agri-Food Waste Treatment
175
12.3
Application of the Biosorption Processes
176
12.3.1
Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
176
12.3.2
Removal of Organic Pollutants
177